European leaders have backed plans to spend more on defence and continue to stand by Ukraine in a world up-ended by President Donald Trump's reversal of US policies.
The European Union's defence summit in Brussels took place days after Mr Trump berated Ukraine's leader Volodymyr Zelenskyy in the Oval Office over plans to strike a peace deal with Russia.
The US president then announced he was pausing all aid to Ukraine, which has been fighting a full-scale Russian invasion for more than three years.
Some European leaders fear Russian leader Vladimir Putin may attack an EU country next and that Europe can no longer rely on the US to come to its aid.
"Today we have shown that the European Union is rising to the challenge, building the Europe of defence, and standing with Ukraine shoulder to shoulder," the chairman of the meeting, Antonio Costa, said.
EU leaders hailed the European Commission's proposals this week to give them fiscal flexibility on defence spending, and to jointly borrow up to A$250 billion to lend to EU governments to spend on their militaries.
In a joint statement agreed by all 27 member states, the leaders called on their ministers to examine these proposals in detail urgently.
"Europe must take up this challenge, this arms race. And it must win it," Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said at a special defence summit in Brussels.
"Europe as a whole is truly capable of winning any military, financial, economic confrontation with Russia — we are simply stronger."
French President Emmanuel Macron, who yesterday told French voters that Russia was a threat to France and Europe, said all this was just a first step.
"Whatever happens in Ukraine, we need to build autonomous defence capacities in Europe," he said after the EU summit.
Hungary refuses to voice support for Ukraine
The EU leaders also voiced support for Ukraine, but that statement was agreed without Hungary's nationalist leader Viktor Orban, a Trump ally, who is also cultivating ties with Moscow.
In their statement, the 26 other EU leaders stressed that there can be no negotiations on Ukraine without Kyiv's involvement, and vowed to continue to give it aid, according to a recent draft.
"We are here to defend Ukraine," Mr Costa said as he and European Commission Chief Ursula von der Leyen, both smiling broadly, warmly welcomed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the summit.
But decades of reliance on US protection, divergences on funding and on how France's nuclear deterrence could be used for Europe showed how difficult it would be for the EU to fill the void left by Washington after it froze military aid to Ukraine.
Washington provided more than 40 per cent of military aid to Ukraine last year, according to NATO, some of which Europe could not easily replace.
Some leaders still held out hope that Washington could be coaxed back into the fold.
"We must ensure, with cool and wise heads, that US support is also guaranteed in the coming months and years, because Ukraine is also dependent on their support for its defence," Germany's outgoing Chancellor Olaf Scholz said.
Mr Macron said that leaders backed Mr Zelenskyy's call for them to support the idea of a truce between Russian and Ukrainian forces in the air and at sea.
The Ukrainian leader told EU leaders such a truce would be a chance to test Moscow's will to end its three-year invasion.
The question of nuclear deterrence
In a sign of the gravity of the moment, Mr Macron has said that France was open to discussing extending the protection offered by its nuclear arsenal to its European partners.
This was met with cautiously positive reactions.
Some, like Lithuania's President Gitanas Nauseda, said such a "nuclear umbrella would serve as really very serious deterrence toward Russia".
Poland said the idea was worth discussing, while some, such as the Czechs, stressed the need to keep the US involved.
Mr Trump has said Europe must take more responsibility for its security.
This week, he cast doubt on his willingness to defend Washington's NATO allies, saying that he would not do so if they are not paying enough for their own defence.
His decision to shift from staunch US support for Ukraine to a more conciliatory stance towards Moscow has deeply alarmed Europeans who see Russia as the biggest regional threat.
Underlining the level of concern, the parties aiming to form Germany's next government agreed to lift constitutional limits on borrowing to fund defence spending.
Elsewhere in Europe, Norway will more than double its financial pledge to Ukraine this year while also hiking its own defence spending, the prime minister said.
ABC/Reuters
